Municipal Wastewater

This operator education course will examine accident investigation, identify the components of a prevention program, and describe how to implement the program. Treatment plant safety reflects literally thousands of hazards. Preparation for all hazards, regardless of their chance of occurring in one’s particular circumstances, is an almost impossible task. However, implementation of an accident investigation program can effectively focus a facility on safety issues..

1. Understand why accidents should be investigated.
2. Know who should investigate accidents.
3. Understand accident investigation follow-up.
4. Be able to apply accident investigation concepts.

This operator education course describes the activated sludge process as used for domestic wastewater treatment. An overview of the microbiology, system requirements, reactor configurations and operational parameters are discussed.

1. Understand the activated sludge process.
2. Understand the requirements for the treatment of wastewater in an activated sludge system.
3. Understand different reactor configurations.
4. Become familiar with monitoring parameters.

This course from the trainers at TEEX ® will identify advanced wastewater treatment methods that strive to provide a higher level of removal of specific compounds, suspended solids, and oxygen-demanding materials than what can be achieved through secondary treatment alone.

1. Explain the adsorption process.
2. Describe the chemical oxidation process.
3. Discuss the reverse osmosis process.
4. Explain nitrate removal by denitrification.
5. Discuss the chemical precipitation process.
6. Explain how phosphorous is removed.

This course will identify the different types of aerators and discuss the basic operation of an aeration basin, including detention time, flow patterns, and the process of oxygen transfer.

1. Identify the different types of aerators.
2. Describe how the aeration basin operates.
3. Discuss the effects of detention time on the process.
4. Describe aeration basin flow patterns.
5. Explain flow patterns associated with specific aeration devices.
6. Explain the process of oxygen transfer.
7. Describe the typical operational control charts for the activated sludge process.

The webcast will begin by providing an overview of how membrane technology is applied to treat wastewater and create reclaimed water. It will examine the various uses of reclaimed water, including non-potable, such as water for irrigation; industrial; indirect potable; public access; and point-of-use applications. The speakers will also examine when and why membrane treatment makes sense for reclaimed water, depending on the end user. This analysis will identify the pros, cons, and limitations of membranes. Three case studies will be included to support the discussion, each highlighting a different water reuse application. For each project, the speakers will explain the challenge that the utility was facing, the specific membrane technology employed, and the results of the project. They will also discuss any problems that occurred and lessons learned, including issues relating to operations and maintenance. Finally, the speakers will discuss trends occurring in the water reuse industry and how they will affect the use of membrane treatment, including microconstituents and water reuse as a component of integrated resource planning.

1. Have a basic understanding of how membrane technology is applied to treat wastewater and create reclaimed water.
2. Will be able to name various applications for reclaimed water.
3. Understand the pros, cons and limitations of membrane systems.
4. Have a good grasp of trends in the use of membrane treatment for wastewater reuse.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems have become widely used by water, wastewater, distribution, collection and laboratory personnel in the treatment processes of water and wastewater. This course from TEEX ® operators will learn the definition, components, uses, benefits, and limitations of a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system in water and wastewater treatment.

1. Restate the definition of a SCADA system.
2. List the components of a SCADA system.
3. Describe appropriate uses of a SCADA system.
4. Explain nitrate removal by denitrification.
5. Explain the benefits of a SCADA system/li>
6. Describe the limitations of a SCADA system.

This operator education course explains in a step by step method how to perform the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand (Carb BOD) analytical tests, including quality assurance and control measures. This method can be used to report BOD and Carb BOD results to Ohio EPA as required in wastewater treatment plant National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permits. All needed equipment, chemicals, and glassware is listed. Data and sample calculations are presented to provide templates for the operator to use when performing this test.

1. Understand what BOD and Carb BOD analytical tests measure and how to perform those tests.
2. Have a clear understanding of the appropriate quality assurance checks used for this analytical test.
3. Understand how to prepare materials for these tests.

This operator education course will explain the dangers associated with bloodborne pathogens. In addition to bloodborne pathogens, other potentially infectious materials may present a risk of harm in the wastewater workplace. In this contact hour course, both blood and other infectious materials will be referred to as “PIM” (potentially infectious materials).

1. Understand the nature of bloodborne pathogens.
2. Learn about types of potentially infectious material.
3. Introduce students to wastewater infectious diseases.
4. Understand means of transmission.

Chlorine gas is the most often used disinfectant. It remains the best choice for the price and provides an excellent kill. Because chlorine gas is toxic, safe handling, storage, and use is mandatory. This course will examine the basic parts of a chlorinator and proper operation as well as storage and handling of chlorine vessels.

1. List the universal components of a gas chlorination system.
2. Explain how chlorinators work.
3. Describe the purpose of each of the universal components of a gas chlorination system.
4. Review some principles of safe chemical storage.
5. Discuss how to safely handle chlorine.

In the water industry, many tasks take place in confined spaces. Confined space entry is hazardous and failure to follow proper safety measures can end in death. This operator education course will explain the dangers associated with Confined Space Entry, elements of a permit required CSE program and give an overview of proper entry procedures.

1. Understand what constitutes a confined space.
2. Understand hazards of confined spaces.
3. Be aware of other dangers associated with confined space entry.
4. Understand entry procedures.
5. Understand why confined space entry accidents still happen.

This course looks at the reality of the disposal of fats, oil and grease and the impact on municipal systems, as well as methods to remove these prior to entry into those systems.

1. Describe the term “F.O.G.”.
2. Identify contributors of fats, oil and grease to a municipal sanitary sewer system.
3. Discuss the impact of fats, oil and grease disposal on municipal systems.
4. Identify the equipment used to prevent fats, oil and grease from entering the sanitary sewer system.
5. Discuss best management practices for handling fats, oil, and grease.

This course is designed to provide Water/Wastewater employees information on the Hazard Communication Program requirements in OSHA regulation 29CFR1910.1200. Additional facility specific information on chemical use and storage programs are discussed. General requirements for chemical identification, chemical storage and chemical handling will be covered in this course.

1. Understand the handling, use and identification of chemical hazards in the workplace.
2. Learn to identify health and safety hazards associated with the chemicals used in the various water/wastewater treatment processes.
3. Understand information provided in the manufacturers Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).
4. Become aware of what personal protective equipment (PPE) is needed when working with a hazardous chemical.

This operator education course explains in a step-by-step method how to perform the Fecal Coliform Analytical Test, including quality assurance and control measures. This method can be used to report Fecal Coliform density as required in wastewater treatment plant National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permits. The relationship with Fecal Streptococcus and Total Coliform test results is discussed. All needed equipment, chemicals, and glassware is listed. Data and sample calculations are presented to provide templates for the operator to use when performing this test.

1. Understand how to perform the Fecal Coliform analytical test.
2. Understand the relationship between Fecal Coliform, Fecal Streptococcus and Total Coliform test results.
3. Understand the appropriate quality assurance checks used for this analytical test.
4. Understand how to report the correct monthly mean for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit.

This operator education course will provide the operator with an overview of pipe flow. Pipe flow is a fundamental part of both water and wastewater plants. The course will examine the math and science behind pipe flow. Operators will also learn about fluids and how fluids travel through pipes. Specifically, operators will learn about these three important fluid properties: viscosity, specific weight, and compressibility.

1. Understand the math and science behind pipe flow.
2. Understand how fluids travel through pipes.
3. Understand the properties of viscosity, specific weight and compressibility.

Many items are disposed of by simply pouring them down the drain. In many cases, this is improper and can significantly harm wastewater collection and treatment facilities. This course will give an overview of industrial pretreatment and why it is necessary. The need for an industrial pretreatment program is for wastewater utilities that are publicly-owned. Privately owned wastewater plants are exempt from the pretreatment requirements.

1. Discuss the need for an industrial pretreatment program.
2. Summarize the National Pretreatment Program.
3. Identify the basic elements of establishing appropriate pretreatment standards.
4. Identify pretreatment technologies.

This operator education course will enable the operator/analyst to understand and develop a QA/QC plan for a Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant laboratory. Even though the Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant have different functions, the importance of the laboratory data accuracy remains the same.

1. Understand how to produce legally defensible analytical records of test results.
2. Understand equipment calibration and preventative maintenance procedures.
3. Understand the process for validating methods used to analyze a sample.

Low pressure membranes are becoming the preferred drinking water treatment process to meet consumer demand and regulatory pressure for better quality drinking water along with tightening budgetary constraints. As a relatively new treatment process, the drinking water industry is learning that the old ways of doing things has to change to accommodate the use of low pressure membranes. This presentation will focus on the unique features and challenges that a municipality will face when choosing to use low pressure membranes for their water treatment plant. The topics to be discussed include pilot testing; procurement; design & coordination; membrane fouling management; membrane fiber breakage management; commissioning and startup; operator training; collecting and recording data to maintain operations; and membrane terms and calculations.

1. Understand treatment process changes required to implement low pressure membrane systems.
2. Have a good grasp of the process involved in selecting and implementing low pressure membrane systems.
3. Have been exposed to various membrane terms and calculations.
4. Understand the data collecting, recording and reporting needs of membrane treatment systems.

Wastewater ponds and lagoons treat wastewater by natural processes. Small municipalities, industries, schools, summer camps, and feedlots use ponds for simple, low cost wastewater treatment. This course will describe the various types of pond and lagoon systems, and explain the pond treatment process along with the proper operation of a pond or lagoon system.

1. Discuss the various types of pond and lagoon systems.
2. Explain the treatment process.
3. Describe the factors that influence pond operation.
4. Identify parameters considered in selecting ponds or lagoons as treatment processes.
5. Explain the proper operation of a pond system.
6. Discuss factors analyzed at ponds.

This course is designed to help an operator understand how lockout/tagout affects their job duties and may assist in the development of a basic lockout/tagout program. However, this course is in no way intended to be a substitute for the proper development of a lockout/tagout program, including site-specific training that is required by OSHA..

1. Understand the importance of a Lockout/ Tagout program.
2. Understand the formal program requirements.
3. Be able to identify hazards.
4. Understand the process for removal of lockout devices.
5. Be familiar with training requirements of the program.

This operator education course explains differences between basic types of microorganisms present in activated sludge, their metabolism and correct distribution to achieve optimum wastewater treatment. In addition, the Settling test and food to microorganism (f/m) ratio is explained and sample calculations are provided to aid the operator in optimizing treatment of the wastewater prior to discharge.

1. Understand how to use a microscope to view microorganisms present in activated sludge.
2. Understand microorganisms’ differences, metabolism and correct distribution to achieve optimum wastewater treatment.
3. Understand the importance of the microorganism groups as they relate to determining the food to microorganism (f/m) ratio and settling characteristic.

This operator education course will address why a pump maintenance program is important. The design features and components of centrifugal pumps and positive displacement pumps are described along with the need for and maintenance of packing and mechanical seals in centrifugal pumps.

1. Explain the importance of a pump maintenance program.
2. Recognize the design features and components of a centrifugal pump.
3. Recognize various positive displacement pumps and their applications.
4. Recognize the need for packing in a centrifugal pump.
5. Describe the use of mechanical seals in a centrifugal pump.

This course is designed to introduce the operator/analyst to sampling and field analysis methodology at water and wastewater treatment plants. At the heart of any effective analysis is the necessity for quality assurance and quality control. Not all water and wastewater analysis is done in the laboratory. It is often a single individual who must have the knowledge and capabilities of both an operator and an analyst. Inasmuch, he/she must be well-versed in the necessity of quality assurance and quality control in the collection and analysis of water or wastewater, not only in a laboratory setting, but also in the field.

1. Explain the importance of quality assurance and quality control in the field.
2. Discuss the duties of the operator relevant to sampling and analysis.
3. Describe proper steps for field collection of samples for water or wastewater analysis.
4. Describe field analysis methods for water and wastewater systems.

This course will review the clarification process. Clarification provides for the separation of the solids from the liquid so that both streams can be processed further.

1. Explain the operation of clarifiers.
2. Describe the types of particles that settle in the clarifier.
3. Summarize the types of settling processes.
4. Discuss the importance of clarifier sizing.
5. Identify the types of clarifiers.
6. Describe various clarifier flow patterns.
7. Discuss maintaining mass balance in the clarifier.
8. Summarize hydraulic principles associated with proper clarifier operation.

This operator education course describes the nature and scope of the trickling filter system as it relates to wastewater treatment processes. The trickling filter process is discussed, the features and functionality of the trickling filter are examined, slime growth management is briefly discussed, and equipment start-up and operation are explained.

1. Understand the main principles of trickling filters and how they relate to wastewater treatment.
2. Understand the layout, flow, and basic hardware involved with trickling filters.
3. Understand guidelines for startup, operation, and troubleshooting.
4. Be aware of daily operational needs and problems that can occur.

This online educational course is designed to help increase your knowledge and understanding of the basic science and technologies involved with utilizing Ultraviolet (UV) light for drinking water disinfection. Explained in this presentation is how UV technology is applied to the drinking water purification process to effectively inactivate Cryptosporidium and other similar pathogens.

1. Defining Ultraviolet (UV) light.
2. UV Markets/Applications.
3. Determining how UV lamps work.
4. Common types of UV lamps.
5. Defining terminology.

This online educational course is designed to help increase your knowledge and understanding of the basic science and technologies involved with utilizing Ultraviolet (UV) light for drinking water disinfection. Explained in this presentation is how UV technology is applied to the drinking water purification process to effectively inactivate Cryptosporidium and other similar pathogens.

1. Options for controlling potential risks.
2. How UV disinfection works.
3. Factors affecting system performance.
4. Dose response and reduction equivalent dose.
5. UV system design.

This online educational course is designed to help increase your knowledge and understanding of the basic science and technologies involved with utilizing Ultraviolet (UV) oxidation for water purification. Explained in this presentation is how UV light technology and oxidizing agents are applied to a water treatment process to destroy organic contaminants.

1. UV Oxidation basics.
2. Design Parameters – 3 P’s and a D.
3. Design Test.
4. Reaction Kinetics and UV Utilization.
5. Effect of path length and spectral effects.
6. Dose distribution and CFD modeling.

It is no surprise that treating wastewater is an odiferous process. However, it is best that the causes of odor be recognized and methods be implemented to eliminate as much odor as possible. Fewer odors mean fewer complaints from the public. This course will help the wastewater plant operator understand the causes of odor in the wastewater treatment process as well as some treatment methods that limit or reduce the significance of odors that may be present at their facilities.

1. Understand the causes of odor at wastewater treatment facilities.
2. Identify methods to control odor at wastewater treatment facilities.

The Membrane Filtration & Membrane Bioreactors course covers the basics of Membrane Filtration and MBR and is perfect for anyone wanting to know about these newest membrane technologies. You will learn all of the practical information necessary to thoroughly understand Microfiltration (MF) or Ultrafiltration (UF) and Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) membrane water treatment technologies. Unit 1: Water Contaminants, will discuss dissolved and suspended contaminants.

1. Understand the properties of contaminants that allow for their removal by membranes.

The Membrane Filtration & Membrane Bioreactors course covers the basics of Membrane Filtration and MBR and is perfect for anyone wanting to know about these newest membrane technologies. You will learn all of the practical information necessary to thoroughly understand Microfiltration (MF) or Ultrafiltration (UF) and Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) membrane water treatment technologies. Unit 2: Introduction to Membrane Water Treatment, with cover Membranes; Suspended Contaminants; Membrane Configurations; Membrane Technologies; and Pressure Driven Membrane Technologies.

1. What is meant by “Membrane Water Treatment”.
2. The different types of pressure-driven membrane technologies.
3. In general, the applications for which each pressure-driven membrane technology is used.
4. Distinguish between membrane filtration and reverse osmosis.

The Membrane Filtration & Membrane Bioreactors course covers the basics of Membrane Filtration and MBR and is perfect for anyone wanting to know about these newest membrane technologies. You will learn all of the practical information necessary to thoroughly understand Microfiltration (MF) or Ultrafiltration (UF) and Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) membrane water treatment technologies. Unit 3 covers the explosive growth of MF/UF, driven by population Growth. Applications covered include Drinking Water; Wastewater; RO/NF Pretreatment; and Industrial Applications.

1. Understand the reasons for the great increase in the use of MF/UF membrane technologies.
2. Know some of the common applications for the MF/UF membrane technologies.

The Reverse Osmosis Operation & Maintenance Course includes 11 units. The series provides practical information necessary to thoroughly understand Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) water treatment technologies and helps operators apply that knowledge while operating a reverse osmosis water treatment facility. Unit 1: Water Contaminants, will provide information on various contaminants of concern for RO Systems, including Ions, Gases, Organics & Silica.

1. Understand Water Contaminants.
2. Know How RO Membranes Reject Them.

The Reverse Osmosis Operation & Maintenance Course includes 11 units. The series provides practical information necessary to thoroughly understand Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) water treatment technologies and helps operators apply that knowledge while operating a reverse osmosis water treatment facility. Unit 10: Pretreatment will discussing ways to: Minimize scaling; Minimize fouling; and Minimize chemical attack.

1. Know how to control scaling, fouling and chemical attack by using appropriate pretreatment technologies.

The Reverse Osmosis Operation & Maintenance Course includes 11 units. The series provides practical information necessary to thoroughly understand Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) water treatment technologies and helps operators apply that knowledge while operating a reverse osmosis water treatment facility. Unit 11: Chemical Cleaning, with discuss Removing scalants; Removing foulants; what defines a good cleaning procedure; How to determine when to stop cleaning; and How to determine the effectiveness of a cleaning.

1. Understand the most important features of a good chemical cleaning.
2. Know which cleaners to use for fouling and which to use for scaling.
3. Know when to clean and when to stop cleaning.
4. Know proper flow rates and temperatures to use during cleaning.

The Reverse Osmosis Operation & Maintenance Course includes 11 units. The series provides practical information necessary to thoroughly understand Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) water treatment technologies and helps operators apply that knowledge while operating a reverse osmosis water treatment facility. Unit 2: Semipermeable Membranes RO/NF examines membrane Structure, Water Flux, Salt Flux and Rejection of contaminants.

1. Understand “Permeable” and “Semipermeable”.
2. Understand “Water Passage” and “Salt Passage”.
3. Understand “Random Motion” & “Diffusion”.
4. Know how suspended and dissolved contaminants are rejected by a semipermeable membrane.

The Reverse Osmosis Operation & Maintenance Course includes 11 units. The series provides practical information necessary to thoroughly understand Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) water treatment technologies and helps operators apply that knowledge while operating a reverse osmosis water treatment facility. Unit 3 covers Osmosis & Reverse Osmosis, including Osmotic pressure; Applied pressure; Net Driving Pressure; Water flux and Salt flux.

1. Understand Osmosis & Reverse Osmosis.
2. Be able to calculate Osmotic Pressure.
3. Be able to Net Driving Pressure (NDP).
4. Know how NDP affects membrane performance.
5. Understand how pressures and temperatures affect water and salt passage.

The Reverse Osmosis Operation & Maintenance Course includes 11 units. The series provides practical information necessary to thoroughly understand Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) water treatment technologies and helps operators apply that knowledge while operating a reverse osmosis water treatment facility. Unit 4: Membranes & Membrane Elements, covers the various types of membrane elements and their use in specific applications.

1. Know the different membrane configurations used for membrane filtration (MF & UF) and RO applications.

The Reverse Osmosis Operation & Maintenance Course includes 11 units. The series provides practical information necessary to thoroughly understand Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) water treatment technologies and helps operators apply that knowledge while operating a reverse osmosis water treatment facility. Unit 6: Reverse Osmosis Units, with cover POU, POE, industrial, municipal; Single stage, multi-stage; Single pass, double pass; and Brackish water RO, seawater RO.

1. Understand how staging reduces fouling and scaling potential at higher recovery rates.
2. Understand Single-stage units.
3. Understand Two-stage units.
4. Understand Three-stage units.

The Reverse Osmosis Operation & Maintenance Course includes 11 units. The series provides practical information necessary to thoroughly understand Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) water treatment technologies and helps operators apply that knowledge while operating a reverse osmosis water treatment facility. Unit 7: Brackish Water RO Unit Operation, will cover: POU; Single pass; Double pass; Recovery rate; Concentration; Water flux per element; Net driving pressure (NDP) per element; Salt passage per element; NDP and SP versus temperature.

1. Know what takes place inside an RO Unit in regards to water passage, salt passage, and pressures from small drinking water units up to a large two-stage RO unit.
2. Know how to determine “Recovery Rate” and “Concentration Factor” of an RO unit.

The Reverse Osmosis Operation & Maintenance Course includes 11 units. The series provides practical information necessary to thoroughly understand Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) water treatment technologies and helps operators apply that knowledge while operating a reverse osmosis water treatment facility. Unit 8: Seawater RO Unit Operation, covers Single stage, double stage; and Single pass, double pass applications.

1. You will understand standard SWRO single-stage design.
2. You will understand Two-stage design.
3. Know what takes place inside a seawater RO Unit in regards to water passage, salt passage, and pressures.
4. Know how to determine “Recovery Rate” and “Concentration Factor” of a SWRO unit.

The Reverse Osmosis Operation & Maintenance Course includes 11 units. The series provides practical information necessary to thoroughly understand Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) water treatment technologies and helps operators apply that knowledge while operating a reverse osmosis water treatment facility. Unit 9: Potential Problems, will cover scaling, fouling and chemical attack.

1. Know the three potential problems all RO units may face:
2. Scaling.
3. Fouling.
4. Chemical Attack (Membrane Damage).

This lesion is designed to help water operators understand the instrumentation and techniques used to monitor the suspended solids entering and exiting an RO unit. The lesion will examine suspended substances such as silica, organics, colloids, bacteria, algae, and fungi.

1. When given a practice exam, be able to compare turbidity, total suspended solids, and number of particles of a sample and be able to correctly calculate "cfu/100mL" of a given sample.

This lesson is designed to help water system operators understand the types of microbiological species found in water and why they can be a problem in a water treatment system.

1. When given a practice exam, be able to correctly identify the various types of microbiological species, biofouling, bacterial growth requirements, biocides, and biostats.

This lesson is designed to help water system operators understand the characteristics of nonliving suspended particles such as colloidal silica, colloidal organics, silt, clay and sand. When these substances cause problems for an RO unit, the problems generally are fouling and additional indirect consequences of fouling.

1. When given a practice exam, be able to correctly identify the terminology associated with nonliving suspended substances (sand, silt, clay, and organics), including their chemical makeup and classification based on particle sizes and composition.

This lesion describes the manner in which atoms bond together to form molecules, how atoms gain an electrical charge, the types of atomic bonds in molecules and the shapes of different types of molecules.

1. When given an exam and a Periodic Table of Elements, be able to identify (circle correct answer or statement) the different forms of ions, covalent bonds, polarity, and chemical reactions.

This lesson describes the properties of water and how these properties affect the treatment of water. The instructor will review the molecular structure of water and the resulting polarity of the molecule. He will then discuss how these chemical characteristics make water such a good solvent and how characteristics of water can vary from different sources.

1. When given an exam, be able to correctly identify the following properties of water and their affects in water treatment: molecular structures, hydrogen bonding, surface tension, solutions, suspensions, and sources of water.

This lesson is designed to provide a basic understanding of the composition of matter, atomic theory and about the chemistry involved in water treatment.

1. When given an exam, be able to correctly identify the various components of elements and molecules, obtain certain information from a Periodic Table of Elements, and correctly measure atomic weights.

This lesion describes the practical aspects of ionization and what effects this has on the treatment of water by reverse osmosis membranes. Although there are several theories describing how RO works, one basic factor allowing this separation is the charge on the ions dissolved in the water. Ions are important for other reasons in RO water treatment. Strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid, are used in membrane cleaning. Other ions, such as those created by high or low pH, will cause damage to some membranes. Still other ions, such as hypochlorite ion, aid in the killing of bacteria.

1. When given an exam, be able to correctly calculate molarity of solutions and identify terms associated with dissolved substances (ions), including: dissociation of ions, acids and bases, pH, oxidation and reduction, and chlorination.

This lesson discusses the methods used to measure the concentration of dissolved chemical compounds in water along with the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

1. When given a practice exam, be able to correctly identify the terminology associated with the measurement of dissolved substances, such as conductivity, resistivity, organics, pH, and chlorine.

This lesson discusses the chemistry of the organic compounds that are of concern when treating water by reverse osmosis membranes. Organics are usually not present in very large concentrations in the water treated by reverse osmosis units. However, their presence is important since their removal may be necessary for the end use of the purified water and also since they may cause operational problems. Organics may cause fouling both directly and indirectly by providing a food source for bacteria. It is also important to have an understanding of organic chemistry since the RO membrane itself is an organic compound.

1. When given a practice exam, be able to correctly calculate molecular weights and identify terms associated with dissolved organic substances, such as organic compounds, functional groups, organic solubility and RO membrane rejection.

The purpose of this lesson is to understand how to add and subtract whole numbers, fractions, decimal fractions and numbers expressed in scientific notation, using the correct number of significant figures.

1. When given an exam with sets of numbers, be able to add and subtract whole numbers, fractions, decimals, and numbers represented in scientific notation using the correct number of significant figures.

This basic math lesson is designed to helps students understand how to multiply and divide whole numbers, fractions, decimal fractions, and numbers expressed in scientific notation, using the correct number of significant figures.

1. When given an exam with sets of numbers, be able to multiply and divide whole numbers, fractions, decimals, and numbers represented in scientific notation using the correct number of significant figures.

This lesson is designed to help water system operators understand how to express numbers in scientific notation and to understand the value of significant figures.

1. When given an exam with sets of numbers, be able to correctly write numbers in scientific notation and round off to the correct number of significant figures.

The purpose of this lesson's material is to understand how to solve simple algebraic equations.

1. When given an exam with sets of numbers and conversion factors, be able to correctly solve (add, subtract, multiply, divide) equations with unknown values.

This lesson provides a basic understanding of positive and negative whole numbers, fractions, and decimals.

1. When given an exam with sets of numbers, be able to determine (circle or write the correct answer) whole numbers, reduce a fraction to its smallest equivalent, and calculate decimal fractions.